Machiavellis View of Human Nature AND rELIGION

Machiavellis View of Human Nature AND rELIGION Machiavelli had examined this in the start of ‘The Prince’ about the human instinct. Machiavelli had expected and had given the human instinct a dim picture to an outrageous that some feel that he had thought about people to that of creatures. As indicated by Machiavelli human instinct is totally childish and loaded with sense of self and that they generally consider their own personal circumstance like the majority want wellbeing and security and the ruler needs power, and that they are narrow minded to pick up and overcome their thought processes. Machiavelli has depicted people as terrible, malevolent, egotistical, proud and debased. Human needs has no specific cutoff, they are covetous, erotic animal, mean, awful and corrupted and he even goes on to stating that an individual just thinks about himself, their family and their property and to overcome this they are prepared to do anything even to the degree of pardoning their foe, he even says that so as to protect the ir needs they can even excuse the homicide of their dad or any kinfolk so far as that is concerned than the seizure of his property or any mischief to himself. People love themselves first and afterward consider different things and that they are not honest residents. For whatever length of time that the ruler is giving the m the wellbeing and the security that they want that is the security and security of them, their family and that of their property they are satiated and to likewise shield from any outside trespassers, and if the ruler can do this the majority are anything but difficult to administer and the state is all around represented. Concurring tom Machiavelli people utilize the state and the legislature for their own egotistical explanation, benefit and assurance, they quickly begin disdaining or loathing what they can’t accomplish or is hard to accomplish or is out of their span and will intentionally will in general stay away from or postpone it. Machiavelli addi tionally says that human commonly are insidious and forceful, in the expressions of Sabine, â€Å"Human nature is in addition, significantly forceful and rapacious, men plan to keep what they have and to obtain more. Neither in power nor in assets are consistently in actuality restricted by characteristic shortage. As needs be men are consistently in a state of struggle and rivalry which compromises an open political agitation except if checked by the savage powers of the state.† Machiavelli accepts that individuals are voracious and mean ordinarily. People are voracious however brimming with wants. His view in regards to human instinct is that of a high similarity to that of Hobbes. Machiavelli’s sees in regards to legislative issues, religion and profound quality are basically founded on his perspective on human instinct. Machiavelli says that, â€Å"Men are unreasonable, whimsical, tricky, weak and avaricious.† From this it summarizes to the determination that a ruler or a ruler should point preferably to be dreaded over to be adored. Machiavelli says that a ruler ought to ensure the individuals, their families and their properties and he can manage over them with no issue. Machiavelli cites, â€Å"Men love at their pleasure, however dread at the delight of the ruler, who ought to along these lines rely on that which in his own, not upon that which is of others. However he might be dreaded without being detested on the off chance that he shuns contacting their property and their lady sort of his subjects, and on the off chance that he stay away from slaughter aside from when there is acceptable motivation and show legitimization for it is in as much as men all the more effectively overlook the loss of their dad than of their property.† With it he will in general say that man such a grea t amount of is enamored with his needs that he can go to any outrageous and even divert insidiousness to shield it from risk, Machiavelli here additionally makes reference to that separated from property men is likewise shaky of his ladies and that in the event that anybody is peering toward their ladies they will in general be forceful and, at that point it comes up to their conscience, this thought or thought of Machiavelli can be seen even today. Machiavelli’s compete and purpose of human instinct was extremely materialistic, he had dismissed and turned down the philosophies of the Greek logicians Aristotle and Plato who said that the state plans to make the individuals prudent and great, he likewise excuses that existed in the medieval ages that the finish of the state is to smooth the method of a man to endless salvation. Machiavelli as consistently was exceptionally censured for this however as indicated by him, â€Å"The end of the state is material prosperity.† Analysis OF MACHIAVELLI’S IDEA OF HUMAN NATURE Machiavelli’s idea of human instinct is profoundly condemned by numerous individuals till today, by different individuals and on different grounds. Some of them being: Man commonly has a few ideals and isn't absolutely narrow minded. His idea of human instinct doesn't contemplate the general society. His perspectives and thoughts with respect to human instinct are the unadulterated consequence of the perceptions he made and the conditions that won at that specific time in Italy. As per the statement given by Sabine, â€Å"Machiavelli isn't such a great amount of worried about disagreeableness or pride as a general human intention and with its commonness in Italy as a manifestation of social descendance. To him, Italy remains for instance of degenerate society.† So here the analysis is that Machiavelli has give the idea of human instinct as at his time Italy’s political position was unequal and he had watched and composed by that and that his idea may be restricted and not all inclusive. As indicated by Machiavelli’s idea of human instinct man is a creature who is terrible and corrupted and that he can't be transformed by any strategy. In any case, he is here reprimanded with agreement to Plato and Aristotle who have said that all through with the methods for legitimate instruction man can be changed. Machiavelli’s saying that men is prepared to forfeit their kinfolk or relations for the purpose and security of his needs, however Machiavelli here likewise says that the main three needs of man are life, family and afterward property, so how might he surrender one need to meet the other. Most likely that individuals love their property however they adore and have similarly profound respect and love for their family, kin’s and different relations of blood. As per this and remembering the pundits it tends to be said that based on the above give analysis and conversation Machiavelli can't be said as totally right, to some he may me, he and his thoughts may be magnificent to a few yet others may contradict it and it probably won't be as per their enjoying and philosophy. In any case, Machiavelli doesn't make a fantasy he talks and thinks pragmatic and levelheaded and reflects reality and a large portion of his perspectives are pervasive and can be found in the present or current day situation, as in today’s life we excessively watched and believe that individuals have gotten egotistical and that they ponder themselves, a great deal of models can be given from our very own life and what we see of that of others. MACHIAVELLI’S VIEW ON RELIGION Prior to Machiavelli, practically all masterminds and political characters accepted and proliferated and advanced religion as the premise of the state. Plato thought about state as the sole need and religion to be a good and a coordinated piece of the state. Aristotle also accepted that religion was a factor and the reason for the best possible organization of a decent and phenomenal working state, yet Machiavelli as being diverse did too put stock in religion yet his thought and the utilization of religion was absolutely and cleverly unique, he made religion as the route as a reason for the headway and the improvement of the state. All through the medieval times it was the congregation was the predominant and the incomparable and the significant piece of the state and the congregation had political force and controlled the state and the pope of the congregation had preeminent authority even in the influence of governmental issues, as god was dreaded and the congregation was the making of the god so the popes or the dad were given and was considered as a prevailing authority over the situation to that of the state as that the spirit has the preeminent authority over the body, it was during that time that it was accept that the congregation has a prevalent power and position as look at, however Machiavelli was against this thought as he suspected of it diversely and with this and his scholarly considerations he accepted and advanced religion yet with his own bit of thought. It was Machiavelli and his thought that there ought to be a partition of religion from legislative issues; it was Machiavelli who separated f rom religion from governmental issues and isolated them totally from each other like his detachment of morals and good from governmental issues. He accepted that governmental issues connected to something isn't genuine legislative issues and that it ought to be played or administered on one on one premise. Machiavelli, he gave less significance to religion when contrasted with the state. The state as indicated by Machiavelli has no significant connection to the congregation yet it likewise has no connection to God or some other very normal force for the obvious actuality, he says that the state needs religion just as an instrumental item for assisting its own article. As per Allen, â€Å"In Machiavelli’s sees the state can be seen uniquely regarding human desires and hungers and that the fruitful ruler must figure out how to control these forms.† As he gave less significance to religion, he at exactly the same time expressed and acknowledged that ethical quality has a constrained spot in the general public and that they ought to and must be both abused and safeguarded. He in this manner was unmoral and not indecent. Machiavelli imagined that strict factor in the general public is a main thrust which a cunning and scholarly ruler can use to turn the table in the round of legislative issues and use religion for their own favorable position and development of the state. For him the ruler ought to be an astute to utilize religion so that the majority are upbeat thus that it is for the better organization of the state. For this he advanced religion however keeping his own advantage and thought

The Overcoat - Nikolai Gogol Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Overcoat - Nikolai Gogol - Essay Example The depiction of the hero underpins the possibility that ecological abuse impacts the person, which may bring about the development of degenerate standards of conduct. From the get-go in the work, the protagonist’s appearance is portrays as customary and rather pallid, expressing â€Å"There is nothing we can do about [the hero appearance], it is all the flaw of the St. Petersburg climate† (Gogol 234). While this announcement at surface worth appears to allude to the climate, it intently matches the bureaucratic atmosphere that, much like the climate, is a huge and bleak power that the hero feels feeble to change. Indeed, even the name of the character, Akaky Akakyevich, intently takes after the Russian expression ‘okakat’ significance to spread with waste, or the term ‘caca’, which is of Greek starting point however alludes to fertilizer in numerous advanced dialects (Paul 1). An equal is drawn between the persecution of the bureaucratic frame work, wherein an assigned position abuses cultural classes, and the mistreatment of the person by his own assignment, for this situation the character’s given name. This is bolstered by in the content by proclamations, for example, â€Å"with us, rank is something that must be expressed before anything else†, featuring the harsh characteristics of individual assignments, for example, rank (Gogol 234). Abuse on numerous levels shapes the qualities of the hero, proposing that natural impacts are answerable for future freak conduct. The hero from the start arranges a reality loaded up with persecution with acknowledgment; be that as it may, when his desires are made higher by the possibility of another jacket, representative of an ascent in the cultural chain of command, the character creates degenerate character characteristics, at last prompting his demise and the fury of his irate soul. The creator portrays the Very Important Person as a character that

How to Manage Increase Customer Retention

How to Manage Increase Customer Retention The success of your business comes from your customers â€" in fact your entire business existence depends upon them. Your business has come into being to solve some needs of your customers in a way that is unique; in a way that your customers get value from the consumption of your products or services. How effectively you are able to do this and how consistently you are able to do this determines the success of your business in the long-run.The ability to attract customers can get business for you in the initial years of operation; however, your long-term viability is determined by how well you can keep your customers coming back to you and doing business with you. © Shutterstock.com | BoBaa22In this article, we will touch upon 1) what is customer retention, 2) why do we need to retain customers, 3) customer retention strategies management, and 4) conclusion.WHAT IS CUSTOMER RETENTION?A business starts operating by attracting and acquiring customers and then expands efforts to keep them coming back for future purchases. Keeping current customers in customer database and turning them into repeat customers is called customer retention.Just as a business makes strategies to attract customers, it also makes strategies to retain customers. Customer retention is all about creating and maintaining long-term relationships with your customers. The customer retention rate is inversely proportional to your defection rate â€" the rate at which people leave you. The lower your defection rate is, the greater will be your customer retention rate because your customers will be highly satisfied with your offering and thus doing business with you.However, calc ulation of customer retention rate is a bit more complicated than it appears to be on the surface. This is because not all customers do an equal amount of business with you. Some customers account for the greater number of sales than others. Therefore, if you are losing five of your customers but these five were the ones bringing in 25 percent of sales for you then in fact by losing these five customers you are losing much more in terms of sale. On the other hand, if these five customers cost you more than the sales they were bringing â€" then good riddance!In order to cater for this complexity, customer retention rate can be calculated using three measures:Retention Rate (Raw Customer): Calculation of the number of customers carrying out business operations with you at the end of the year as a percentage of number of customers doing transactions with you at the beginning of the year;Retention Rate (Sales-Adjusted): The worth of sales generated by retained customers that is a percen tage of the total value of sales generated by all customers doing transaction with you at the beginning of the year;Retention Rate (Profit-Adjusted): The amount of profit earned from retained customers that is a percentage of the total profit generated by all customers doing transactions with you at the start of the year.WHY DO WE NEED TO RETAIN CUSTOMERS?Did you know that acquiring new customers is 7 times more costly than retaining customers? The best way to retain customers is through superior customer service because as stats suggest, 71 percent of customers end the relationship with an organization when they receive poor customer service.On a global basis, a lost customer is worth about $243. And what do 61 percent of customers who leave you do? They go to your competitors â€" as the famous saying goes that if you do not take care of your customers, someone else will!The above stats clearly suggest that it is important for businesses to understand and implement techniques that help in creating loyal customers who can be retained. There are various other benefits that are offshoots of customer retention, including:Positive Word-of-Mouth Generation â€" retained customers who have had positive experiences with you, become your brand ambassadors and will not shy away from giving your business, a positive feedback, and reviews. They will talk positively about you amongst family and friends and post positive online comments regarding you. The customers you retain generate positive word of mouth concerning your business.Lower Customer Acquisition Costs â€" Since you develop a positive reputation in the market â€" courtesy positive word of mouth generated by retained customers â€" it does not cost you too much to convince new customers to do business with you since they are already aware of your business and your quality through word-of-mouth. So you need not spend too much on convincing new customers to do business transactions with you.Increased Sales Revenue â€" The cumulative effect of customer retention leads to an increase in sales and overall revenue you generate because not only would retain customers do business with you through repurchases, they will also bring in new customers for you. Also, your loyal customers will be more willing to buy other products and services from you.Increase Referrals â€" Retained customers would not hesitate in referring their friends and family to you. Whichever industry you are operating in, your retained customers would believe that you are the expert in that particular industry and would refer their friends and family to you in a heartbeat! Studies show that the more business a customer does with you, the more referrals they make as well.A Measure of Customer Satisfaction â€" The more retained customers you have, the safer it is to say that your customers are satisfied because obviously unsatisfied customers will not be retained. Satisfied customers get comfortable making their purchases from you. Customer Loyalty â€" Retained customers become your loyal customers, and loyal customers are more trustworthy of your products/services and are thus willing to pay higher prices for the same quality if need be. They are also less likely to take their business elsewhere in case you increase your prices.CUSTOMER RETENTION STRATEGIES MANAGEMENTCustomer retention strategies are aimed at helping you retain customers. Here are a few things you can do:a.     Build Brand RecognitionMake your brand known to customers so that whenever they require any product or service, they immediately remember you as the provider of that particular product or service. The way to do this is to become an expert in your field, regardless of what it is that you sell to your customers.Customers get retained with market leaders and market experts. This is because when you gain the repute of being the expert in your industry, customers start trusting your quality and, therefore, prefer to do business with you in the long term.Another way of making your brand known in the market to an extent where customers start recognizing is to stand for something. This can be a charitable cause, a social purpose, or projection of any value or positive trait of your business, so people start associating that value to your business. By standing for something meaningful, you will yourself stand out amongst your competitors and have more customers do repeat business with you.b.     Know What Your Customers LikeIt is all about meeting and exceeding expectations. However, how will you do that if you do not know what your customers’ expectations are? Ask specific questions from customers regarding their purchase experience with you and ask for suggestions that can help improve their experience of doing business with you.Take a deep note of the feedback you receive â€" read between the lines and gain a deeper understanding of what customers are expecting. Take note of things that are not up to their expectati ons and work towards improving them, so you are able to retain customers by winning their satisfaction. Also, if there are misleading expectations in their mind, which you will never fulfill, it is best to clarify the customers regarding these misconceptions so they can correct their expectations from you rather than get disappointed.Your customers’ experience with you should be as painless and as free from friction as possible â€" make an effort to do so. Conservative spenders find it difficult to part with their money â€" they feel guilty when they spend. In order to convince them to spend and to reduce these feelings of guilt, you must reduce the pain and friction associated with making a business transaction.You can do this for your customers by giving them bundle offers or by using reassuring words such as ‘costs $400 only’ and ‘negligible service charges of $25’. Such words make customers feel they are not overspending, help in justifying their purchase and also make them feel that they are getting a good deal.A personalized purchase experience delights customers. Personalize the experiences of regular customers at your company, so the customers feel important and valued, and feel like their interests are being given weightage.c.     Monitor/Track Metrics for Customer RetentionYou must have heard the famous saying ‘you cannot improve what you cannot measure. By this definition, unless you measure customer retention, you will not be able to improve it.You can measure customer retention by predetermining and predefining Key Performance Indicators (KPI) regarding your customer service. By measuring execution of customer service against these KPIs can help you track or monitor your performance as a business and give you an insight as to what the chances are that your customer will get retained with you, based on how well you achieved your KPIs.The more KPIs you achieved, the better customer service you delivered during the period thus, the more c hances you have of retaining customers during the period.Also, you must remember that an improvement in customer service can help enhance customer retention rates. Therefore, whichever KPIs of customer service you lack behind, improve upon them and see a surge in your customer retention.Even though there may be different formulas for calculating customer retention rate, the most widely used formula requires you to know:CE â€" Number of customers at the year’s endCN â€" Number of new customers acquired during the yearCS â€" Number of customers with whom you started the year withCR = {(CE â€" CN) ÷ CS } X 100This means that your customer retention rate can be calculated by dividing the difference between the number customers at the end of the year (60) and the number of new customers of the period (20) with number of customers at the beginning of the year (50). Turning this amount (0.8) into the percentage by multiplying with 100 will give you your retention rate (80%).d.     Offer Loyalty ProgramsYour customers are looking to get value for their money by doing business with you. The more value they feel, the easier it will be for you to retain them and make them come back to you for repeat purchases. Ideally, every business looks out for ways to add value for customers without having to add to their cost. A way of doing this is by offering loyalty programs as a reward for their loyalty.Loyalty rewards are directly proportional to the amount of spending â€" so the more your customer spends, the higher the reward. The frequent flyer programs are designed based on this philosophy. Offering gift vouchers to customers is another example of loyalty awards. When customers are rewarded for the loyalty they show towards a business, they get further motivated to become even stronger loyal customers.There are five types of values you need to understand so you can create them for your customers:Cash Value â€" How much cash would your customers be offering to pay in exch ange for the reward they will receive for it. Is that worth it?Redemption Value â€" what is the depth of the rewards they will be getting? What variety of rewards are you offering?Aspirational Value â€" What is the desire of your customer for wanting the reward you have set for them?Relevance Value â€" How relevant are the rewards for your customers? Are they achievable and realistic?Convenience Value â€" How easy is it for participants to get their rewards.e.     Foster Positive Relationships with the CustomersHow well you bond with your customers is a highly important factor that can help you with retaining them. The more familiar your customers become with you, the greater the bond they form with you â€" a positive relationship with your customers is going to help you retain them.Healthy and positive interpersonal relationships generate trust and win the commitment of the customers towards your business. They also help in reducing uncertainty in the minds of customers regarding y our products/services. By consciously trying to create a bond with customers by fostering positive relationships, you can improve your customer retention rates.f.     Quality Matters More Than SpeedIt does not matter how fast you are going if you are going in the wrong direction because regardless of your speedy travel, you will not have reached your desired destination. Therefore, the quality of your customer service is more important the speed of your customer service, per say.A Gallup survey reveals that customers are nine times more likely engaged in businesses whose customer service they perceive to be courteous, helpful, reasonable, and willing. So speed is a secondary factor whereas giving quality service is the primary factor that helps in customer retention and improves customer retention rate.g.     Embrace Low-Cost MethodIdeally, customer retention can help you save costs by making you spend lesser on your advertising efforts and on other efforts required to attract new c ustomers. Out of the various customer retention strategies and ideas available with you, invest on those which you can easily afford. By embracing a low-cost method, you will ensure getting good value for your money by investing as little as possible for benefits that you enjoy in the shape of increased customer retention rates.CONCLUSIONCustomer retention strengthens your business in the marketplace by providing you a following of loyal customers that stick with you. Change how you approach customers because studies say that you can avoid customers leaving you just by listening to what they have to say regarding the product/service, you are offering. Listening to their feedback makes them feel valued, and you never know you might come across a productive change as a result of listening to your customers’ feedback! Improvements as a result of listening to customers’ feedback can delight your customers, enable you to meet their expectations in a better way and at the end of the d ay, retain customers for your business!All businesses these days work hard towards increasing their customer retention rates by coming up with new and improved retention strategies. This effort is worth it and repays the business because the longer you retain a customer, the greater profitability they generate for your business because the value of your customers increases with time. This is a huge incentive for businesses to invest in their customer retention strategies because they know they will be getting a return on their investment soon.Starting with design and implementation of customer retention strategies in earlier years of business operation will help you reap the benefits quicker. The longer you take to focus on customer retention, the longer it will take to win customer loyalty and the more time it will take you to reap the benefits of customer retention. So start early and manage customer retention effectively!

The Practice Of Entrepreneurship Through Time And The...

Introduction The practice of entrepreneurship has existed throughout history with the definition advancing through time and the global enterprise. During the life of Marco Polo, entrepreneurship was defined as the practice of being the â€Å"go-between† (Arthur Hisrich, 2011, p. 2) in trade endeavors. Today, the definition includes: the development of ideas, comprehensive risk, commitment of time and resources, and vision with the overarching goal of holistic success and autonomy (Arthur Hisrich, 2011). The entrepreneur exudes behaviors which foster initiative, orchestrate options, and accept responsibility for the success or failure (Arthur Hisrich, 2011). Entrepreneurship has transformed the global marketplace and imprinted all†¦show more content†¦These abilities increase an entrepreneurial leader’s creativity, intuition, and innovation. Consequently, without the ability to process information from a solid foundation, the cognitive skills are compromised. The behavioral responses reveal how the integrated aspects of personality, social ability, and cognitive processes converge. Shein et al. (2010) contended the successful entrepreneur would encompass behaviors of persistence, resilience, patience in uncertainty, and the acceptance that actions have consequence. This leads to motivated solutions which expose new options. The entrepreneur who exhibits negative traits will become angry, withdrawn, and isolated (Podoynitsyna, Van der Bij, Song, 2011); therefore, unsuccessful integrative practices drive the decisions. Characteristics of Success or Failure Passion, purpose, innovation, and vision are common characteristics embodied within the successful entrepreneur (Gielnik, Spitzmuller, Schmitt, Klemann, Frese, 2015). Motivation and a desire for autonomy increase the internal drive to develop planning and expertise (Luka Robu, 2016). Positive characteristics of self-regulation and a self-perception increase competence and emotional control (Gielnik et al., 2015). The ability to limit emotional responses with balanced cognitive and behavioral processes convey a message of entrepreneurial leadership. Characteristics of strength will provide consistency and display a pathway forShow MoreRelatedEntrepreneurship As An Entrepreneur, Real World Experience Essay1568 Words   |  7 PagesEntrepreneurship is a topic that is heavily debated in regards to if it can be taught or not. The word Entrepreneurship originates from a French word that means to undertake. In the business sense, it is defined in the Merriam-Webster dictionary as one who organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise. Since entrepreneurship is an appealing career path, people want to know if they can be taught it or if it is something they have intrinsically. 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Development of Control and Confidentiality for Database...

Early research efforts in the area of access control and confidentiality for DBMSs focused on the development of two different classes of models, based on the unrestricted access control policy and on the mandatory access control policy. This early research was transmitting in the framework of relational database systems. The relational data model, being a declarative and high-level model for specifying the logical structure of data, made the development of simple declarative languages for specifying access control policies. These earlier models and the unrestricted models in particular, introduced some important principles that set apart access control models for database systems from access control models adopted by operating systems†¦show more content†¦Also, the initial format of familiar commands for grant and revoke of authorizations that are today part of the SQL standard. Next research proposals have extended this basic model with a variety of features, such as nega tive authorization, role-based and task based authorization temporal authorization, and context-aware authorization. This weakness makes unrestricted access controls vulnerable to malicious attacks, such as Trojan horses embedded in application programs. A Trojan horse is a program with an apparent or actually very useful function, which contains some hidden functions exploiting the genuine authorizations of the invoking process. Sophisticated Trojan horses may leak information by means of covert channels, enabling unauthorized access to data. A covert channel is a component or feature of the system that is misused to encode or represent information for illegal transmission, without breaching the stated access control policy. A large variety of components or features can be misused to create covert channels, including the system clock, operating system inter process communication primitives, error messages, the existence of specific file names, the concurrency control mechanism, an d so on. The area of compulsory access control and multilevel database systems tried to address such problems through the development of access control models based on information classification, some of which were also incorporated in commercial products. Early compulsoryShow MoreRelatedIn Today’S Technologically Advanced Society, Data Is An1682 Words   |  7 PagesIn today’s technologically advanced society, data is an extremely valuable resource that is used daily by individuals and large corporations. Data is stored within databases to allow the process of retrieving and supervising data simplistic and efficient. 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Cause and Effect-Mother’s in the Workforce Free Essays

Mother’s in the Workforce Did you know, â€Å"In the United States today, more than half of mothers with young children work, compared to 30 percent in the 1970’s† (American Academy of Pediatrics, 1999). In this current economy single mothers have no choice but to work. Mothers have to enter the workforce to support their family. We will write a custom essay sample on Cause and Effect-Mother’s in the Workforce or any similar topic only for you Order Now This hasn’t always been the case as we know from looking at our past. It was normal for the father to work and the mother to stay home with the children. Unfortunately, times have changed and divorce rates have gone up.To keep up with the rising costs and the splitting of a household, mothers have joined the workforce to help provide for the home. This now raises the question, if the mother is not home with the kids, how are the children effected? Three possible ways that children are affected from mothers entering the workforce are having to grow up in daycare, becoming more independent, and being less involved with family. The first possible effect is a child having to grow up in daycare. With the need for more income, moms are no longer staying home.Children are now being taken care of all day—and sometimes night—by the daycare facilities. I am a single mother and I have to take my daughter to daycare five days a week. If I did not have my daycare facility to take my daughter, I would not be able to work. The only thing that is wrong is that these facilities have become the place for children to learn valuable life lessons. What used to be the mother’s duty, is now being placed upon the daycare centers. They are having to help nurture and teach these children how to share, potty train, respect others, and so many other valuable life lessons.All these things used to be the job of the stay at home mom. I miss being there for the life lessons, but I have to support my family. I also have to deal with my child getting sick more often. She is normally around six to eight kids every day. Children being in daycare allows them to become more exposed to illnesses such as colds, flu, rashes, and many other sicknesses. Before, when children would stay home they were not pron to being sick. The mother would keep them inside and away from the majority of people.Children being at daycare all the time and being around sick children could make it hard for a single mother, like myself, to keep taking off work when the kids get sick. At this point rather than not having income and being homeless, a parent would need daycare to provide for their family even if it means missing out on teaching your kids life lessons. Another possible effect could be that children become more independent. If a mother is working full time this could make a child feel alone or helpless when they are in need of attention.Children might start doing things by themselves such as eating meals, homework, or asking for help. I have notice that in being away from my daughter she wants to do things for herself. If I ask to help her get dressed she says, â€Å"No mommy, I am a big girl and I do it myself. † Mothers who stay at home are able to cater to their child’s every need. If the child wanted a blanket the mom would go and get one. Now with mothers at work, children are having to fulfill their own needs. This new found independence could cause the children to mature faster.I have found this to be what is happening in my own home. My little girl is only four but is trying to take on the independence of an eight year old. The effect of independence on children is not something parents can change but it is happening at a younger age because the mothers are not there to help. Lastly, a possible effect of mothers in the workforce could be that the children become less involved with their family. Mothers having to work full time is causing children to be left to entertain themselves. Children are hiding away in their rooms or at friends houses to keep from being alone.When the family does have time home from work they find that the children are not wanting to spend time with them or have made plans with friends. I have not had this problem yet but I can see where it will be in my daughters teen years. This lack of interaction between the mother’s and children can lead to discipline problems later in life. Children who do not become involved with their mothers can also loose their support system. If the kids were to do something and get in trouble, and there is no communication with the parents, the kids will often turn towards outside support.The absence of interaction between children and mothers can leave a lasting painful memory. When I was growing up my mother worked full time. This made it hard to talk to her about problems I was having. As the children grow older they could cut off all communication with their parents. The absence of involvement with the family is a growing problem with mothers that have to work. Being a mother is the most amazing opportunity a woman can have. I know that mothers want the best for their children. Being a stay at home mom is a very noble and thankless job.Unfortunately, most women in today’s economy are forced to go to work after their children are born. Mainly because they are single mothers, the family needs the second income, or they had a good career before having children. There are so many things that can affect children like, growing up in daycare’s, becoming more independent, and being less involved with their mothers, whether they have a working mom or a stay at home mom. I think it all boils down to the time and effort you as a mother put in to make the most of the time that you have with your children. How to cite Cause and Effect-Mother’s in the Workforce, Papers

Global Health at Home Transcending National Boundaries

Question: Describe about the Global Health at Home for Transcending National Boundaries. Answer: The term global health encompasses a range of issues related to health and well being of the people who may be either directly or indirectly affected transcending national boundaries and essentially focuses on improvising and implementing suitable strategies to mitigate and prevent the problems in healthcare at population levels following a multidisciplinary approach fostering health equity worldwide. The narrowing of the gap between the nations due to fading boundaries and international collaborations has widened the reach of the native inhabitants. Canada is no exception to this effect of globalization and the impact can be found in terms of the public health, ethnic variation, socio-economic status, political and demographic inequities. The reasons for such implications in the Canadian context may be attributed to immigration, globalization of economy and declining welfare support. Increase in the economic disparity has lead to rise in poverty thereby affecting the overall health status of the native Canadians evident from less smoking habits, reduced rates of COPD hospitalization among the high income group of people compared to their low income native counterparts. Gender and the extent of earnings also affected alcohol-attributable hospitalization among the Canadians. Contrarily longitudinal data for the past 35 years support the reducing absolute socio-economic difference pertaining to oral health in Canada and USA evident from lesser incidences of edentulism, dental decay and filling cases. Therefore, global trends in the Canadian scenario pose certain challenges to be addressed in future discourse to render quality healthcare for all (Elani et al., 2012). The prerequisites to provision of health services in accordance to the concepts on global health are in a state of dwindling for the homeless people of Toronto. Reports and surveys suggest the state of poor health condition among this population compared to their general population counterparts. Physical health and mental health are reported to be vastly affected due to prevailing social inequities, existing social and federal policies as adopted by the government, dearth of funding in ensuring proper housing for the homeless. Chronic cardiovascular abnormalities, neurological disorders like epilepsy, cancer, asthma, rheumatic arthritis apart from community health burden of tuberculosis, hepatitis C, AIDS are quite among these people. Mental health issues associated to depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, bipolar disorders are also rampant in such population. Alcoholism, substance abuse seems to be sources of hazard in such fraction of people as well. Revision of policies and effectiv e management of the contributing factors that underpin the status of these homeless dwellers of Toronto may provide respite (Hwang et al., 2013). The global health scenario is quite alarming for the communities who are facing the direct implications of such effects. However, awareness, improvements and constructive changes in healthcare settings may provide solace. Recruitment of more number of healthcare professionals such as physicians, nurses and other staff may resolve the issues to a great extent. Registered nurses in Canada working in congruity under the umbrella of CNA hold the responsibilities of detecting, analyzing and developing suitable strategies to pacify health inequity as far as practicable via effective and constant interaction with the vulnerable groups. Health worker recruitment policy has been proposed in an effort to deal with the repercussions of global health problems. In order to maintain a uniformity of the practicing professionalism, a Global Code of Practice on the International Recruitment of Health Personnel was adopted in the 63rd World Health Assembly by the WHO, in May 2010. It is first of its k ind in terms of a globally applicable guideline within a regulatory infrastructure for health-workers engagement. The stakeholders at the risk of facing the negative consequences of global health need to be educated to encourage awareness among all the people involved in the healthcare industry. With every passing day, the taxation in terms of our health is encountering more and more obstacles. Emerging technologies and innovations in medical science and pharmaceutical industry have successfully addressed the health related issues but a lot remains to be done. The lifestyle related health disorders, public hygiene related issues, diseases arising out of environmental triggers can be well managed through devising appropriate awareness programs among the groups concerned. The responsibility hugely lies on the shoulders of the personnel associated with the healthcare facility to assess the impacts of the strategies and policies adopted for facilitating the smooth running of the healthc are service and evaluating the outcomes (Edge Hoffman, 2013). The global health concern in case of the developing nations and developed nations possess certain fundamental differences. The distinctions in the healthcare service stem out of mostly economic disparity, demographic and ethnic conflicts and lack of access to healthcare management. Climate change, demographic and epidemiologic factors are the major drivers of global health burden in the developing nations. Sedentary mode of lifestyle, increased consumption of readily available calorigenic and fatty food substances among the children, youth and adults have culminated in diseases and disorders such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity and other endocrine malfunctioning among the inhabitants of the developing and developed nations alike. However, the life expectancy in the developed nations has increased due to advancement in healthcare facility. Contrarily, childhood mortality and maternity deaths are still matters of grave concern in the developing nations although measures are in progr ess to handle these threats. Thus comparing the situations linked to global health, a better picture is evident for the developed nation with respect to the developing ones. Despite the differences, the continuous efforts that are being put into practice in Canada in terms of conducting awareness programs and continuous interactive sessions to maintain health equity resembles the policies and measures adopted globally to address this crucial issue. In view of the situational observations, it may be concluded that the global health concern for Canada is overall satisfactory compared to the other countries of the continent and developing nations. However continuous modifications and amendments from the governmental as well as healthcare and personal levels are imperative to improve the scenario. As the pressure of globalization is increasingly causing difficulty for the stakeholders, advocacy and supervision of the existing practices and rules should be carefully monitored to provide an insight into this matter to encourage novel and better strategies for the future. In the Canadian context, the conditions of the homeless people of Toronto region has been cited as an example of global health issue and their demands and difficulties should be taken into account. A holistic outlook from all ends will offer hope for a better tomorrow in redressing issues related to global health. References: Edge, J. S., Hoffman, S. J. (2013). Empirical impact evaluation of the WHO global code of practice on the international recruitment of health personnel in Australia, Canada, UK and USA.Globalization and health,9(1), 1. Elani, H. W., Harper, S., Allison, P. J., Bedos, C., Kaufman, J. S. (2012). Socio-economic inequalities and oral health in Canada and the United States.Journal of dental research,91(9), 865-870. Hwang, S. W., Chambers, C., Chiu, S., Katic, M., Kiss, A., Redelmeier, D. A., Levinson, W. (2013). A comprehensive assessment of health care utilization among homeless adults under a system of universal health insurance.American journal of public health,103(S2), S294-S301.

Night of Scorpion Essay Example

Night of Scorpion Essay Night of the Scorpio written by Nissim Ezkiel is an interesting verse form and the poet brings about a really appealing contrast between good and evil in it ; wholly giving the verse form an kernel of equality. The poet makes it a trouble-free undertaking for the readers to visualise the scenes with the appropriate usage of assorted imaginations. He has besides done a fantastic work of adding assorted different senses into the verse form. All the senses. ocular. odor. internal feelings and sound have been included. In this verse form we can see the scenes vividly with the aid of lines like. †¦to crawl beneath a poke of rice. and. Peasants came like drove of flies. Nissim Ezekiel is able to maintain are mind alive and engaged the full continuance of the verse form with the aid of lines like. Peasants came like drove of flies. When we read this line. we know that it is a simile and it help us to see how the provincials came along. But when think deeper we realize that it besides shows us that the storyteller does non look up to the sort of attention that the villagers are demoing. he merely wants them to go forth him and his household entirely. The ground the villagers are compared to flies is to demo precisely how exacerbating they are and that they are non welcome. merely like flies. We will write a custom essay sample on Night of Scorpion specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Night of Scorpion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Night of Scorpion specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The poet has made this verse form composite. which is ever a good thing. This can be proved because to depict the Scorpio he uses words like diabolical and The Evil One which show it as a diabolic animal. On the other manus he besides used lines like. goaded him to creep beneath a poke of rice and †¦ risked the rain once more. which brings about a contradiction as this line shows that the Scorpio is non at all the scoundrel. it is merely frightened. Among the many figures of address used in this verse form onomatopoeia is one of them. He has used this figure of address expeditiously. enabling us to hear the changeless noises that were made. The poet write that the villagers buzzed the name of god which once more stresses on the point that the noise and disturbance being made by the villagers was non at all welcome. The poet further draws the involvement of the reader by utilizing a figure of address to convey this message and non making it straight. He has besides written They clicked their linguas. which is another case of onomatopoeia. The component of odor is brought approximately because the poet has introduced tapers and firing oil in lanterns in his verse form every bit good. Nissim Ezekiel has made the mother’s experience of acquiring bitten by the Scorpio sound tormenting and ageless. He has conveyed this by utilizing some really descriptive authorship. illustration. May the toxicant sublimate your flesh of desire. and your spirit of aspiration. Nissim Ezekiel successfully built the tense atmosphere by utilizing merely a short sentence. My male parent. sceptic. positivist. seeking every expletive and approval. There is besides an case in which the poet uses initial rhyme. I watched the fire feeding on my female parent. This line has besides been able to construct up the complex nature of the verse form because of its double significance. We can merely state that the flame’ refers to flare of the paraffin or we can besides state that flame’ refers to the scorpion’s toxicant. The verse form ends sanguinely. with the female parent surviving and being grateful to god for doing her suffer and non her kids. After all the tense minutes of hurting. agony. anguish and fright. the verse form has a really affecting and warm stoping which proves the mother’s love for her kids.

DefaultTableModel Class in Java Stores Data for the JTable

DefaultTableModel Class in Java Stores Data for the JTable TheDefaultTableModel class is a subclass of the AbstractTableModel. As the name suggests it is the table model that is used by a JTable when no table model is specifically defined by the programmer. The DefaultTableModel stores the data for the JTable in a Vector of Vectors. Although theVector is a legacy Java collection it is still supported and there is no issue with using it unless the additional overhead caused by using a synchronized collection is a problem for your Java application. The advantage of using theDefaultTableModel over a custom AbstractTableModel is you dont have to code the methods like add, insert or delete rows and columns. They already exist to change the data held in the Vector of Vectors. This makes it a quick and easy table model to implement. Import Statement import javax.swing.table.DefaultTableModel; Constructors TheDefaultTableModel class has six constructors. Each can be used to populate of the DefaultTableModel in different ways. The first constructor takes no arguments and creates aDefaultTableModel which has no data, zero columns and zero rows: DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(); The next constructor can be used to specify the number of rows and columns of aDefaultTableModel with no data: DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(10, 10); There are two constructors that can be used to create aDefaultTableModel with column names and a specified number of rows (all containing null values). One uses an ​Object array to hold the column names, the other ​a Vector: String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 10); or DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(columnNames, 10); Finally there are two constructors used to populate theDefaultTableModel with row data along with column names. One used Object arrays, the other Vectors: Object[][] data {{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3},{4,4,4}}; String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); or Vector rowData new Vector(); rowData.add(1); Vector data new Vector(); data.add(0, rowData); Vector columnNames new Vector(); columnNames.add(Column 1); DefaultTableModel defTableModel DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); Useful Methods To add a row to theDefaultTableModel use the addRow method along with the row data to add: Object[] newRowData {5,5,5,5}; defTableModel.addRow(newRowData); To insert a row use theinsertRow method, specifying the row index to insert and the row data: Object[] insertRowData {2.5,2.5,2.5,2.5}; defTableModel.insertRow(2,insertRowData); To delete a row use theremoveRow method, specifying the row index to delete: defTableModel.removeRow(0); To get a value in a table cell use thegetValueAt method. For example, if the data at row 2, column 2 contains an int: int value tabModel.getValueAt(2, 2); To set a value in a table cellsetValueAt method with the value to set along with the row and column index: defTableModel.setValueAt(8888, 3, 2); Usage Tips If aJTable is created using the constructor that is passed a two-dimensional array containing the row data and an array containing the column names: Object[][] data {{1,1,1},{2,2,2},{3,3,3},{4,4,4}}; String[] columnNames {Column 1,Column 2,Column 3}; JTable exampleJTable new JTable(data, columnNames); then the following cast will not work: DefaultTableModel dft (DefaultTableModel)exampleJTable.getModel(); A runtimeClassCastException will be thrown because in this instance the DefaultTableModel is declared as an anonymous inner class in the JTable object and cannot be cast. It can only be cast to the TableModel interface. A way around this is to create your own DefaultTableModel and set it to be the model of the JTable: JTable exampleJTable new JTable(); DefaultTableModel defTableModel new DefaultTableModel(data, columnNames); exampleJTable.setModel(defTableModel); Then theDefaultTableModel defTableModel can be used to manipulate the data in the JTable. To see theDefaultTableModel in action have a look at the DefaultTableModel Example Program.

Other then the obvious( washington,adams,franklin,jefferson) which Essay

Other then the obvious( washington,adams,franklin,jefferson) which american political or military leader do you think had the mo - Essay Example Through the legislation that he introduced and his impassioned rhetorical style, he helped encourage Americans to rise up against the British and take their destiny into their own hands. No one can doubt that he made a major difference in America's quest for independence. Henry was born and raised in Virginia and served in the Virginian legislature, alongside many famous men of the era (Beeman, 12). He was deeply interested in states' rights, and opposed the idea of being ruled by a distant king in a foreign land. The mood in the American colonies was changing during Henry's years of service and he captured that mood powerfully in his public speeches. He often came within a whisker of making statements that were treasonous to the British king. Nevertheless, he stood by his viewpoints. In one of his first acts after being elected in Virginia he introduced a response to the Stamp Act. His actions were widely seen as being one of the first and most radical steps against British rule in the colonies. It effectively said that Americans could not be taxed by London without representation in London. It was the speech he gave at this time which Thomas Jefferson once said surpassed anything else he had ever heard in his life (Jewett). During this time, and in the years following it and leading up to the Revolution, Henry's rhetoric was noted as inspiring many people.

Mgmt 4330 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Mgmt 4330 - Essay Example 2. ‘Fear of Conflict’; conflicts in any organization should be taken positively as constructive conflicts are important in helping teams to work to solve their pending problems, have their things done and settle for the best solution possible to their pending issues. Although most of the members were against the introduction of Kathryn in the management of the company and that resulted to conflicts among the employees. This was a good move as her introduction solved the company situation with all the employees seeing the sense of working together as a team. If there is lack of trust among members of any group, then there will be no room for constructive conflict. 3. Lack of Commitment’; in order for team members to have full commitment to the decisions they make, they need to have the assurance that their opinions can be heard and appreciated. If this is not the case, then some members will neither be committed nor care in any way about the prosperity of the company. 4. ‘A voidance of Accountability’; each member has to be accountable for setting and meeting the high standards. Some members feel that they are equal with the rest of their colleagues thus feel that it is not right for them to confront them on what they are not supposed to do. This responsibility should not be left just to the leader to hold the members accountable but give room even for the rest of the members to correct themselves. Mikey was selfish in his role at the company yet no other member was in a position to correct him, this led to him being expelled from the team by Kathryn. 5. ‘Inattention to Results’; this results is with regards to the outcome of the overall team. The main cause of this ineffectiveness results is individual status desires, personal achievement status and personal ego which are put before the team’s goals. This

Biometric Applications for Information Security

Biometric Applications for Information Security Chapter 1 1 .0 Introduction In recent times, the use of computer towards accessing information has increased and this has made our lives simplified in different ways, whereby easing people around the globe to communicate and share information. Due to this growing computer technology, the need for an improved network service which involves public accessing these devices is to be put in place. Generally, this advancement in knowledge towards the use of modernised technology has lead to the investigating and unveiling of new threats to computer system security which affects the todays organisations. From my research carried out it has been noticed that most organisations are in search of better means of improving their information security system, and also a cost effective means towards safeguards against fraud and impersonation .As we all know that data protection is a valuable resource which must be kept strictly, controlled and managed properly in an organisation. In the nutshell, the term security basically referred to as the protection and guidance of a system from unauthorised access, be it intentional or accidentally, irrespective of the service provided by the database management system. This work will generally involve the use of keystroke dynamics as a means of establishing a unique identity, which will be used as an additional measure towards enhancing information/data security in an organisation (e.g. Banks, Institutions, legislative departments, finance houses, production firms etc). This unique identity will help present a safeguard towards authenticating the acces s to computers by recognizing an individual based on his stored features i.e. mouse movement, keyboard application, typing rhythm etc. The protection of an information database system at all level in an organisational system, has over the years become an essential concern, this is as a result of different type of threats and unauthorised advances made by malicious individuals. Many organisations, over the years gone ahead towards the development and adoption of a stronger web-based services of computer controls, because from my research I gathered that information and transaction worth fortunes are been dealt with on a daily basis and the organisation has to ensure its protection by all means. Because any breach of security will lead to fatal destruction of the system. During my report it was noticed that in most organisational application, the access to information database system where usually restricted through the use of a login ID/password protection scheme. This has been in place for years and if by any means this scheme is breached, and then the organisations information is generally exposed towards any possi ble fraudulent misuse. During my research work I gathered that, hardware based security managed systems has a positive impact towards the reduction of unauthorised access by imposter. According to â€Å"David Zhang and Anil Jain† 2006, in there book â€Å"Advance biometric† it stated that acceptance rate is still study dependent and the results indicate that the false acceptance ratio (FAR) is still on the order of 5%, beyond the acceptable risk level of many organizations, considering the costs in terms of hardware and training time. In the nutshell it will be said that security and database plays an important role in all areas where computers are used, including business, electronic commerce, engineering, medicine, law, library science and many lot of more fields. I would like to give a brief definition of what database is all about and its surrounding topics on which we will deal with as we proceed on the project work. Generally, database can be said to be a cart where information are stored, updated and retrieved, it is a very important part of everyday life, and has to be secured from utterances. The term Biometric said to be gotten from the combination of the Greek words ‘Bios, which means life, and ‘Metrikos which is said to be measuring. This technology is said to be the ability to identify an individual based on their unique characteristic, which can either be physiologically (passive) or behavioural (active) characteristic mode of identification. Over the years it has been notice that one of the most secured and effective means of authenticating and identifying an individual involves the verification of their personal unique characteristic. This is sometimes usually done in conjunction with a PIN or token (known as multi-factor authentication) also by users name and password. One of the proper ways of managing biometric secured information database includes its registration, storage, and verification which is known as â€Å"Biometric Identity Management†. However, from research Information security is known to be one of the fastest growing areas in the IT world, and its efficiency is to be assured by minimising exposure to external and internal attacker. â€Å"Enhancing information security using keystroke dynamics (Behavioural Biometrics) as an additional measure in organisations† as my research topic was brought to light. This research report is basically aimed at reviewing information database security system and the use of keystroke biometric towards security enhancement, where by reviewing the effective implementation, design and management of information system in organisation, and protecting it from intruder. Also it will clearly highlight on the pros and cons of traditional means compared to biometrics means of application. I will strictly focus on keystroke biometrics, which is a human behavioural biometric whereby need for any form of physiological attribute, is not needed. This study (Information security and biometric application) will be place into the following stages: (Nanavati. S, (2002), Von Solms S.H (2000)) Identification and authentication An individual been identified and authenticated; Authorisation Being authorised to use certain resources; Confidentiality Ensuring confidential information i.e. data or software, stays confidential and accessible only to authorised individuals; Integrity Making sure only authorised individuals can change the content of data or software; Non-denial Ensuring that an individual cannot deny the authorisation of a transaction (e.g. in Banks), like changing the content of data. The deployment of Biometrics and the above stages will require a solid understanding of the technology and why it is been deployed, its mode of function, performance and accuracy will be looked into and analysed. Also the choice of which biometric application to use depends highly on the intended application of the system, here are some of the biometric applications in existence today: finger print; face recognition, hand geometry and iris recognition etc. Some of these biometric features are applied in areas like, time and attendance systems, voters registration, immigration and border control, access control, computer security, and financial firms. This project research work will involve a practical part of the application and to achieve the aims successfully, the following objective will be put into consideration. Objectives: Presenting details of biometric applications for information security purposes. Comprehensive review on information security threat, breaches, awareness solutions and discussing case studies on its effect on organisational system. Building / implementing a keystroke access database application. Critically analyse and evaluate the impact of the design keystroke enable database(Pros and Cons) To conclude on findings and recommendation for future developments of information security system. 1.1 Why the Study and Goals The scope of this study is to present, review and analyse problems which are been faced in organisations information security, where by been able to create and suggest a means of securing sensitive information from external sources and mostly internal sources. In recent times from information gathered it has been found that most security breaches /threat in organisations have been linked to internal sources. Here I will recommend a keystroke biometric application in organisations which are known to have a friendly environment between member of staff and the easy of sharing personal details, are on the high side. Generally I am not saying there are no securities measures in organisations to curb these intrusions, but as earlier mentioned most of these leakages are carried out by internal sources. But most organisations make use of traditional login process (user names and password, chip and pin). Alternatives to password-based authentication, keystroke biometric can either be used as an additional measure or replace the traditional method, this can help identify intruded and access are denied. A special focus will be on keystroke dynamics, in which firstly, the goal is to verbalize requirements which these alternative authentication schemes need to satisfy. After reviewing the alternative methods from a security and usability point of view, the result should be to answer the question whether the presented schemes is capable of being alternatives to password-based authentication mechanisms or not. 1.2 Related Studies. In the past and at present a lot of studies and researches is been carried out, in regards to users identification, verification and authentication, with their respective ways of securing information system. Keystroke dynamics was first introduced in the early 1980s as a method for identifying the individuality of a given sequence of characters entered through a traditional computer keyboard (R. Gaines, W. Lisowski, S. ). Keystroke dynamics originated from studies of the typing patterns exhibited by users when entering text into a computer using a standard keyboard. Researches in this field focused on the keystroke pattern in terms of keystroke duration and keystroke latencies. Evidence from preliminary studies indicated that typing patterns were sufficiently unique and easily distinguishable from one another, much like a persons written signature (R. Gaines, W. Lisowski, S., R. Joyce and G. Gupta ).Here are some studies which have been carried out towards information security such a s that conducted by â€Å"Arwa Al-Hussain (2008)†, â€Å"Biometric-based Authentication Security†, â€Å"Saleh Bleha†, â€Å"Charles Slivinsky†, and â€Å"Bassam Hussein†: â€Å"Computer-access security systems using keystroke dynamics†, â€Å"R. Joyce and G. Gupta†: User authorization based on keystroke latencies. And also â€Å"Revett, K. and Khan, A†, 2005, carried out a research on Enhancing login security using keystroke hardening and keyboard griddling. But In my research work I will look into all aspect of biometric applications in regards to keystroke dynamic application and it suitability towards detecting intruders trying to gain access into a database information system. 1.3 Problem Statement In this research which is to attempt the implementation of keystroke biometric and mouse application as a security measures towards preventing the gaining of access to sensitive data from unauthorised individual in organisation, also to prevent password sharing and identity theft from within and outside the organisation. To be able to achieve this, I will be looking into the different types of biometrics and the added advantage presented by keystroke biometrics in relation to cost and easy of application. Finally I will not neglect the difficulties that may be encountered towards the successful achievement and completion of this research, also all necessary steps will be taken to have a conclusive project work. 1.4 Outline of Dissertation Topics and Organisation The other part of this paper work is organised and subdivided in the following pattern. Chapter 2 will focus more on the in-depth of Biometrics application, the benefits of biometrics compared to traditional authentication methods, advantages and disadvantages of the different identification mechanism ,it challenges and effect on todays society and finally the different types of biometrics. Chapter 3 will concentrate on the information security issues, social engineering and security solutions presented by biometrics enhanced system. In Chapter 4 an in-depth analysis of the keystroke biometrics will be look into and its application towards information security. Chapter 5 will concentrate mainly on implementation of keystroke biometrics, a demonstration of its design application and functions, towards security enhancement and also user acceptability survey on the application mode will be analysed. Finally in chapter 6 I will conclude on findings and recommendation for future developme nts of information security system. Chapter 2: 2.0 Introduction: From my research it has been gathered that access to most organisation‘s computer systems which content various information are done by using authentication and identification means. The commonly used security approach towards identification and authentication is by â€Å"login process†, which involves the users ID and password. This has been in use for years towards the verification of a person trying to gain access to a computer information system. This mode of security approach has over the years been a big problem to most organisations security management system, as a result where workers could routinely share passwords with one another, sometimes forgetting their passwords or stored them in places which they could be easily seen by other people. This has lead to the level of security breaches, threats and fraudulent transaction increasing to a disturbing state, due to this the need for highly secure identification and personal verification technologies is being sear ched for. From researches carried out it has been found that biometric authentication can solve some of these problems, whereby help in reducing this growing security threat to a minimal level. Another importance of biometrics is its ability to improve the usability of a system since the person in use does not need to remember his or her passwords when trying to gain access to the information system. Biometrics as we know is not a new discovery to the world at large this has been in existence, during the BC and AD, just that of present more attention is been shown towards biometrics and its applications. 2.1 Why Biometrics Applications In the application of biometrics towards security setting is â€Å"Ten times† the security for that of traditional means and also cost effective in the long run. Due to issues relating to Identity theft, terrorism and increase in the general level of crime which have also combined to heighten the need for a just technology security approach.( Security Seminar K. Tracy 1998) Biometrics application over the years has been the recommended solution choice for many organisational systems towards information security, both privately owned and government companies are in use of biometric application towards maintaining secured environmental system for information sharing and distribution. Lets imagine the ability to unlock the door, obtain money from a machine, authenticate a credit card, retrieve information from a system or even start a car with just a glance at a camera or a touch, that is what bio application is all about and has helped to improve users security application by there uniqueness. 2.2 Introduction to Biometrics What Is Biometrics: The word biometrics is known to be gotten from a combination two words from Greek origin meaning (bios =life, metrikos (metrics) =measure).The terms Biometricshave been in existence since the 20th century and was used to refer to the field of development of statistical and mathematical methods applicable to data analysis problems in the biological sciences (Nanavati. S. 2002). In the nutshell biometrics can be said to be an automated method in science and technology which is used in recognising, measuring and statistically analyzing biological data of an individual. These bio measurements are done based on ones physiological or behavioural characteristics, which can be used to verify the identity of the individual. Some of the examples of biological characteristic include DNA, blood group genes, whereby physical characteristics include fingerprints, eye retinas and irises, facial patterns and hand measurements, and behavioural characteristics include signature, v oice, gait and typing patterns (keystroke). One of the greatest important advantages of biometrics lies in the fact that physical or behavioural traits cannot be transferred to other individuals, or can they be forgotten. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, (2006),) 2.3 How does biometrics work? Biometrics can be classified in two main types, which are as follows: â€Å"physiological biometrics†, this involves the use of physical trait, such as a fingerprint, iris, hand or face for recognition of an individual. Here the physical traits are collected, then analyzed, measured and stored for use. In the case of fingerprint, it is automated through a numeric encryption of its ridges, splits, dots, valleys, furrows and minutiae points. This encryption is called an algorithm, creating a binary encoded template. The iris is also digitally stored using an algorithm in the same way. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, (2006)) The other type of biometric solution is â€Å"behavioural biometric†. This mainly involves the use of a persons behavioural trait or pattern, such as a voice, signature or key stroke. These traits are stored in the same way to that of the physiological traits except that they are updated regularly to be able to cope with the ever changing patterns in the trait. The both type of biometrics are relevant to different situations and circumstances. Naturally it has been gathered that physiological biometrics has proved to be more reliable than that of behavioural biometric, in the sense that physical traits generally stay the same all time irrespective of the age, while that of behavioural trait changes due to one or two situation which can be caused by advancement in age, learnt habit or accidental causes. 2.3.1 Mode of biometric operations: Identification: In biometrics operations, when the device/networked server hold a database of registered users and when these traits are presented, it is then authorizes the searching of the database so as to establish a match with the presented trait. In theory the device is asking â€Å"Do I know you?† This method of identification is called one too many (1: N) according to â€Å"www.posid.co.uk†. Authentication: The theory here is that the device is requesting â€Å"Are you who you claim to be†? By presenting a user id number or a Smartcard (containing the biometric algorithm) you then prove who you claim to be. In order to prove that this id number or Smartcard belongs to the user, one is requested to present his /her biometric trait directly to the device. You are authorized if they match and denied if they do not match. This method is called one to one (1:1) â€Å"www.posid.co.uk†. Authorization: In the nutshell this is known to be the last stage of a biometric system function, after identification the system search for a match and then confirms it authentication where by requesting unique feature and if matched with the stored details, you are then authorized. (Wikimedia Foundation, Inc, (2006)) 2.4 Importance Of Biometrics Over Traditional Authentication Methods:- In present times most organisation, make use of Login passwords, PINs, and token towards verification and authentication for gaining access to there information database system. This are mainly designed to help protect and secure the organisations computer information network and its applications. However in most cases these technologies have been discovered to having some problems associated with them, mostly when faced with modern technology applications, like online transactions, which could involve the accessing of sensitive information such as medical reports, financial or income support information. In order to reduce these increasing problems, biometrics features are been introduced in some of these computer information applications areas. As earlier stated, â€Å"Biometrics† is known to be an automated methods of recognizing and identifying an individual based on their physical or behavioural characteristics.†(Samir Nanavati, Michael Thieme, Raj Nanavati 2002) Ev ery individual different biometric characteristic which are unique and peculiar to them, no two person have or share the same biometric features. Some of the commonly known used biometric applications in todays society are facial, fingerprint, iris, hand scan, voice and dynamic signature. Biometric data application as a means and methods of identification is well preferred by organisation due to its several advantages over the known traditional method, which have been highlighted earlier in this chapter. Some of the major reason for the preference of bio data for information security system is that the individual to be identified is required to be present physically during the identification process, and this identification process does not require the need for password remembrance in any form. With the present increasing integration of computer, as well as internet usage in our day to day activities towards information accessing, this has called for a growing need to use a more pro tective method on information system assessing. This could be done by either replacing the PINs (traditional method) totally with biometrics or combining the both towards effective security measures whereby prevents unauthorized access to computer information system. As stated in previous chapter, one of the biggest issues with the use of PINs or passwords as a security measure is that it could be forgotten, likewise tokens such as passports and drivers licenses may be forged, stolen, or lost which is unlikely in biometric traits. Basically biometric applications can be used for real-time recognition, and the most popularly used is face, voice, signature, iris and fingerprint. (S.Nanavati, M. Thieme, R. Nanavati 2002) In view to biometric application compared to the traditional application, a biometric system is basically known to be a pattern of recognition of an individual by determining the authenticity of a specific physiological or behavioural characteristic possessed by the pe rson. Several important issues are put into place during designing a functional biometric system. Basically all biometric systems consist of three (3) basic elements, which are as follows: Enrolment: It is known to be the process which involves the collecting of biometric samples from an individual, and this is captured and stores in a secured template in a central database or a smart card issued to the user. Templates: This is a storage cart where all the data or information representing the individual/enrolees biometric features is stored. The template is usually been retrieved when identification is to be carried out on an individual.Biometrics system can operate using either verification (authentication) or identification mode. Matching: It is a process which involves the comparing and analysing of individual biometric details which has been stored in the database system templates. Mainly the enrolment is the first stage during authentication, in which a template is then generated and will be used towards matching of the users authentication. 2.4 Types of Biometric Technologies Biometric can be classified into two main classes which are Physiological and Behavioural biometrics, this involves two main modes of applications, which can be said to be contact and contactless biometric applications. The main function of biometric technology system is to assist in the controlling of access to a network system, and also helping to authenticate an individual by establishing there identity by comparing it with already stored details, which are unique to the individual. The most significant factor which enable the implementation of a biometric towards authentication is it uniqueness, i.e no two person can have same bio data and can not be lost or guessed. Looking at the recent increase in the breach of information system, biometric authentication system is a more reliable, efficient and effective to reduce this increasing threat compared to the traditional password based authentication process. 2.4.1 Physiological Biometrics:- In this type of biometric application, the individual is required to have biometric features stored in the bio data storage device (scanner).This device is where the users details are collected and stored for feature use. Due to reason that a person or individual stores their bio-data and need to make direct contact when needed to gain access to an information system, has made many people have to consider this to be a technology which invades on ones personal privacy .Below are some examples. Fingerprint Evaluation: This is the most commonly used biometrics and the most advanced of all the biometric technologies and it is highly accurate. The challenges lies in varying quality of fingerprints across individuals and in dealing with wear in the defining irregularities in the ridges and valleys of ones finger (Nanavati. S, (2002),). New technologies have recently employed the use of pattern matching and ultrasonic scanning rather than evaluation of the irregularities which has increased the accuracy of fingerprint scanning and reduced the risk of misidentification. By scanning the geometry of an individualshand, including height, width, shape and proportion, security systems can accurately recognize and identify individuals. This method is primarily used for physical access control and is considered the most useful in terms of durability and application. In fact, hand scanning is used effectively where other biometrics technologies cannot work due to frequency, volume, or environmental disruptions. Here is a finger print sample from Wikipedia. Retina Scanning: is considered among the most accurate of the biometric technologies through its evaluation of the shape and make-up of inner surface of the back of the eye. This method, while highly accurate, is also fairly costly and often perceived as difficult to use. Other complications include interference from foreign objects such as eye glasses or contact lenses. Further, scanning of a sensitive area such as ones eye decreases receptivity and willingness to use. Even so, the accuracy of retina scanning and the minimized risk of imitation make it useful in extremely high security areas where accountability is of utmost importance (Nanavati. S, (2002),) . Hand/Finger Geometry Hand or finger geometry is an automated measurement of many dimensions of the hand and fingers. Neither of these methods takes actual prints of the palm or fingers. Only the spatial geometry is examined as the user puts his hand on the sensors surface and uses guiding poles between the fingers to properly place the hand and initiates the reading. Hand geometry templates are typically 9 bytes, and finger geometry templates are 20 to 25 bytes. Finger geometry usually measures two or three fingers. Hand geometry is a well-developed technology that has been thoroughly field-tested and is easily accepted by users. (Nanavati. S, (2002),) See example below of a typical hand geometry. Iris scanning: This is similar to retina scanning in method and level of accuracy. However, its application is considered less intrusive and is thus becoming more common. Recently, it has been introduced into the airline and banking industries and while system integration remains a challenging part of implementation, improvements are continually being made (5). Facial Scanning: These applications are most often used in conjunction with other verification methods such as identification cards systems or with existing security cameras and monitors. This method utilizes high resolution images of distinct facial features such as eye sockets, shape of the nose, and/or the position of certain features relative to each other (1). Problems arise with this application if the subject is not properly positioned for the camera or if environmental changes such as lighting changes prevent an accurate read. (Nanavati. S, (2002)). 2.4.2 Behavioural Biometrics: Behavioural biometrics is said to be the ability for a system to be able to recognizing, identifying and authenticating a users based on there behavioural characteristic, which are unique to them. Basically this type of biometric can be learnt or developed over a period of time, and may follow a particular pattern of usage by the individual. Example of some behavioural traits used in biometrics is as follows: handwriting, speech, keystroke, walking pattern, e.t.c. In the nutshell, this type of biometric identification over a certain period can be changed due to some factors like age, weather etc. As a result of the changes in this type of biometric application, for the system to still maintain a secured system training or registering repetitions is to be carried out from time to time. Some of the behavioural biometrics are stated here below and will be explained further as we proceed in this research work.( Nanavati. S, (2002)) Signature Verification: This verification means has been existing for a long time, they are mostly used in the banking sectors to identify individual who make use of there services. They are used mostly to give authorisations to documents like cheques, contracts and sensitive documents. Despite its long time existence, automating the recognition process remains a challenge because peoples signatures are not always identical and can change drastically over time. These changes could be as a result of some factors like old age, mental or physical state e.t.c Voice Recognition: Is a behavioural biometrics which is mainly based on an individuals speech pattern. Here a persons voice is compared or recognized based on its previously recorded stored voice output. Voice verification is a sensitive biometric type of approach because of its acceptability by a lot of user and also high rated error could be significant since it is not really invasive like the physiological biometrics, an example of its use is in â€Å"telephone transactions†. (Nanavati. S, (2002)) Keystroke Biometrics: This type of behavioural biometrics is an automated method of examining and monitoring the typing patterns of an individual on a keyboard. The technology examines and determines the dynamics characteristic rhythms, speed, and pressure, also calculating the total time used in typing a particular word, the time the individual or user takes to hitting certain keys. This technique could be combined with the traditional password system to improve security when accessing sensitive information on computer systems using keyboards or mouse .Basically this method of verification is quite new and still in it development stage, but not to say it has not been in use. Also the â€Å"keystroke biometrics is of high flexibility† because it can accommodate the changing of password over a time when users observes behavioural changes. The keystroke biometrics as it has advantages so does it have its disadvantages as well. In the nutshell these said biometrics applications (Keystroke biometrics) will be talked about more as we proceed in the research work. 2.5.0 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Different Identification Mechanisms. The pros and cons associated with specific devices are highlighted below: Fingerprint Readers Pros  · Not much storage space is required for the biometric template Cons  · Has traditionally been associated with criminal activities and thus users could be reluctant to adopt this form of biometric a